BasicsOfEnglishGrammar

1. Singular and Plural Nouns (单复数)

Singular is one
Plural is more than one

2. Count Nouns vs. Non-Count Nouns (可数不可数名词)

Count nouns are countable like sheep
Non count nouns can be counted like water

3. Possessive Nouns (所有格名词)

Possessive nouns are used to indicate ownership normally by adding (‘) and a (s).

4. Pronouns (代词)

A pronoun takes the place of a noun (can be 1, 2, or 3 person view).

5. 'Be' Verbs (Be动词)

A verb shows action or a state of being (can be positive, negative, or interrogative).

6. Action Verbs (动作动词)

Action verbs express action and are the most common verbs (Affirmative, negative, and interrogative).

7. Adjectives (形容词)

Adjectives describe or modify nouns.

8. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives (比较级和最高级)

Comparative adjectives compare two things(words like taller and bigger). Superlative adjectives compare more than two things (tallest and biggest)

9. Adverbs (副词)

Adverbs modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (words like quickly, slowly, yesterday, last week, here, there, today, daily, never, rarely, extremely)

10. Simple Tense (一般时态)

Verb tense tells you when the action happens.
There are three main verb tenses: present, past, and future.
Each main tense is divided into simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive tenses. https://www.hjenglish.com/shitai/yingyushitaizongjie/

11. Progressive and Perfect Tense (进行时和完成时)

Progressive Tense:involves action that is, was, or will be in progress at a certain time.
Perfect Tense: the present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues to the present time. Use has/have + the past participle form of the verb.

12. Perfect Progressive Tense (完成进行时)

The perfect progressive tense describes actions that repeated over a period of time in the past, are continuing in the present, and/or will continue in the future.

Present Perfect Progressive Tense	Past Perfect Progressive Tense	Future Perfect Progressive Tense
I have been running, and I am still tired.	I had been running, and I was still tired.	By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will be fit and healthy.
She has been practicing the piano, and she is much better now.	She had been practicing the piano, and she had gotten much better.	By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for several months, and she will be much better.

13. Irregular Verbs (不规则动词)

Irregular verbs do not have definite rules, but there are a few patterns.

14. Gerunds (进行时)

A gerund (verb + ing) acts like a noun in a sentence.
Seeing is believing.
I am afraid of singing a song on a stage.
Often, a possessive noun or pronoun comes before a gerund.
I hope that you don’t mind my using your pen.

15. Infinitives (不定式)

An infinitive is a verb combined with the word to. Most often, an infinitive acts as a noun in the sentence. Less frequently, it acts as an adjective or an adverb.
Generally, it is not common to split to and the verb except for when you want to emphasize the verb.
Commonly, an infinitive is used with the subject it. The sentence structure is "It is xxxxxxxx + infinitive.…" It refers to the infinitive.
Both gerunds and infinitive phrases can function as nouns, in a variety of ways. Gerunds and infinitives can follow certain verbs but not others. You need to remember which verbs can be followed by only a gerund or only an infinitive.
Verbs that can precede only gerunds: consider, suggest, enjoy, deny, avoid, miss, mind, practice, postpone, resist, finish, quit, give up, put off
Verbs that can precede only infinitives: offer, decide, hope, attempt, promise, agree, afford, deserve, refuse, undertake, learn, fail, seem, appear, tend, pretend, choose, demand, desire, guarantee, claim, manage, determine, expect, want, wish
Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives without changing meanings: continue, like, love, begin, start, propose, neglect, stand, hate
Verbs that can precede either gerunds or infinitives but change meanings: forget, remember, stop, try

16. Active Voice and Passive Voice (主动和被动语态)

Verbs are either active or passive in voice.
In the active voice, the subject and verb relationship is straightforward: the subject is a do-er.
In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence is not a do-er. It is shown with by + do-er or is not shown in the sentence.
Passive voice is used when the action is the focus, not the subject. It is not important (or not known) who does the action.
Passive voice should be avoided when you want more clarity in writing. However, in some cases, you need to use passive voice to stress the action, not the actor. Also, passive voice can be considered more polite, as it sounds less aggressive or dramatic.
You can easily rewrite an active sentence to a passive sentence.

17. Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive Mood (指示，祈使，虚拟语气)

A mood shows the writer’s attitude toward what he/she is saying.
Indicative Mood states an actuality or fact.
Imperative Mood makes a request.
Subjunctive Mood expresses a doubtful condition (contrary to fact) and is often used with an "if" clause.
The following verbs often attract the subjunctive mood: ask, recommend, suggest, wish, insist, order, commend, request, and demand.
A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different form. The subjunctive for the present tense third-person singular drops the s or es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else.
In the subjunctive mood, the verb to be is be in the present tense and were in the past tense, regardless of what the subject is.

18. Auxiliary Verbs (辅助动词)

An auxiliary verb helps the main (full) verb and is also called a "helping verb".
With auxiliary verbs, you can write sentences in different tenses, moods, or voices.
Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can, could, may, might, must, ought, etc.
I think I should study harder to master English.
I am having a cup of coffee.
You have been practicing hard.
It was written by a petitioner.
You may choose what you like.
The verb forms of be, do, and have can be used either as a main (full) verb or an auxiliary verb.
- Be
- Do
- Have
The verbs will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, and must cannot be the main (full) verbs alone.
- Will
- Shall
- Should (past form of shall)
- Can
- Could (past form of can)
- May
- Might (past form of may)
- Must

19. Prepositions (介词)

A preposition is a word that links a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to some other part of the sentence.
There is no definite rule or formula for choosing a preposition. You should try to identify a preposition when reading or listening in English and recognize its usage.
- On
- At
- In
- Of
- To
- For
- With
- Over
- By

20. Conjunctions (连词)

A conjunction joins words or groups of words in a sentence.
There are three types of conjunctions:
Coordinating Conjunctions - to connect words, phrases, or clauses that are independent or equal: and, but, or, so, for, yet, and not
Correlative Conjunctions - to be used in pairs: both/and, either/or, neither/nor, not only/but also
Subordinating Conjunctions - to be used at the beginning of subordinate clauses: although, after, before, because, how, if, once, since, so that, until, unless, when, while, where, whether, etc.

21. Conjunctive Adverbs (连接副词)

Conjunctive adverbs are words that join independent clauses into one sentence. A conjunctive adverb helps you create a shorter sentence.
When you use a conjunctive adverb, put a semicolon ; before it and a comma , after it.
Some conjunctive adverbs are: accordingly, also, besides, consequently, finally, however, indeed, instead, likewise, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, next, otherwise, still, therefore, then, etc.
Conjunctive adverbs look like coordinating conjunctions - and, but, or, so, for, yet, nor; however, they are not as strong as coordinating conjunctions and they are punctuated differently.
A conjunctive adverb is also used in a single main clause. In this case, a comma (,) is used to separate the conjunctive adverb from the sentence.

22. Articles - Indefinite and Definite (不定冠词和定冠词)

The words a, an, and the are special adjectives called articles.
Indefinite Articles - a, an
Definite Article - the: can be used before singular and plural, count and noncount nouns

23. Interjections (感叹词)

An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion. It can be used as filler.

24. Capitalization (大写)

The first letter in:
First word in a sentence.
The pronoun I.
A proper noun (specific name).
Of months, days, and holidays (but not seasons).
Of nationalities, religions, races of people, and languages.
In a person’s title.
Geographic areas: cities, states, countries, mountains, oceans, rivers, etc.
Historical periods.
Of each major word in the title of a book, movie, article, etc.

80 Common English Phrases

Link: https://englishteacheradriana.com/80-common-english-phrases/ - Common phrases to ask how someone is: - What’s up? - What’s new? - What have you been up to lately? - How’s it going? - How are things? - How’s life? - Common phrases to say how you are: - I’m fine, thanks. How about you? - Pretty good. - Same as always - Not so great. - Could be better - can't complain - Common phrases to say thank you: - I really appreciate it. - I’m really grateful - That’s so kind of you. - I owe you one. (this means you want/need to do a favor for the other person in the future) - Common phrases to respond to thank you: - No problem. - No worries - Don’t mention it. - My pleasure. - Anytime. - Common phrases to end a conversation politely: - It was nice chatting with you. - Anyway, I should get going. - Common phrases to ask for information: - Do you have any idea…? - Would you happen to know…? (when you’re not sure if the other person has the information.) - I don’t suppose you (would) know…? (when you’re not sure if the other person has the information.) - Common phrases to say I don’t know: - I have no idea/clue. - I can’t help you there. - (informal) Beats me. - I’m not really sure. - I’ve been wondering that, too. - Common phrases for not having an opinion: - I’ve never given it much thought. - I don’t have strong feelings either way. - It doesn’t make any difference to me. - I have no opinion on the matter. - Common phrases for agreeing: - Exactly. - Absolutely. - That’s so true. - That’s for sure. - I agree 100% - I couldn’t agree with you more. - (informal) Tell me about it! / You’re telling me! - (informal) I’ll say! - I suppose so. (use this phrase for weak agreement – you agree, but reluctantly) - Common phrases for disagreeing: - I’m not so sure about that. - That’s not how I see it. - Not necessarily - Common phrases to respond to great news: - That’s great! - How wonderful! - Awesome! - Common phrases to respond to bad news: - Oh no… - That’s terrible. - Poor you. (Use this to respond to bad situations that are not too serious) - I’m so sorry to hear that. - Common phrases to invite someone somewhere: - Are you free… [Saturday night?] - Are you doing anything… [Saturday night?] - . (informal) Do you wanna… [see a movie?] - (formal)Would you like to… [join me for dinner?] - Common phrases for food: - I’m starving! (= I’m very hungry) - Let’s grab a bite to eat. - How about eating out tonight? (eat out = eat at a restaurant) - I’ll have… (use this phrase for ordering in a restaurant) - Common phrases for price: - It cost a fortune. - It cost an arm and a leg. - That’s a rip-off. (= overpriced; far more expensive than it should be) - That’s a bit pricey. - That’s quite reasonable. (= it’s a good price) - That’s a good deal. (= a good value for the amount of money) - It was a real bargain. - It was dirt cheap. (= extremely inexpensive) - Common phrases for weather: - It’s a little chilly. - It’s freezing. (= extremely cold) - Make sure to bundle up. (bundle up = put on warm clothes for protection against the cold) - Common phrases for hot weather: - It’s absolutely boiling! (boiling = extremely hot) - it scorching hot outside - Common phrases for being tired: - I’m exhausted. - I’m dead tired. - I’m beat - I can hardly keep my eyes open - I’m gonna hit the sack. (hit the sack = go to bed